What method is used to ensure a witness receives a subpoena if their direct service is unsuccessful?

Substituted service is the appropriate method used to ensure a witness receives a subpoena when direct service attempts have been unsuccessful. This method allows for the delivery of legal documents to someone other than the intended recipient, typically someone who lives at the same address or has a close relationship with the recipient, such as a family member or co-worker.

Substituted service is particularly useful in instances where the intended recipient is evasive or cannot be located. The goal is to provide effective notice while complying with legal standards and ensuring that the recipient is made aware of the requirement to appear as a witness.

While the other methods mentioned, such as alternative service and mail service, may also serve important roles in the service of legal documents, they may not specifically apply to scenarios where the recipient needs to be reliably informed through a direct, accountable delivery process. Electronic service could be relevant in modern practices but is not the primary method outlined for situations involving a subpoena, where physical delivery is typically mandated.

Understanding substituted service is crucial for process servers, as it equips them with the necessary knowledge to fulfill legal responsibilities when traditional methods fail.